SOIL-PLANT NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS IN TWO MANGROVE AREAS AT SOUTHERN BRAZIL / Interacciones de nutrientes entre suelo y planta en dos áreas de manglares en el sur de Brasil / Interação entre a composição química de solo e planta em dois manguezais no sul do Brasil

Mangrove forests have a simple architecture. They shelter a few number of arboreal species that grow in a saline environment subject to tidal activity. The research objective was to evaluate possible interactions between physical-chemical soil attributes and plant-leaf nutrient concentrations of different mangrove species. Different mangrove species growing in the same soil, and the same mangrove species growing in two different soil classes were evaluated as to their leaf nutrient concentration patterns. The study was carried out in mangrove areas of the State of Paraná, southern Brazil, in two distinct soil classes: HISTOSOL THIOMORPHIC Salic sodic and GLEYSOL THIOMORPHIC Salic sodic; and three different species: Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle. Two subareas were delimited within each area from which soil and leaf samples were collected. Samplings from five individuals of each dominant mangrove species were taken from the soil (0-10 cm deep) under each tree crown projection. The data was submitted to statistical analysis using a set of simple and multivariate analysis in order to determine possible differences among mangrove species leaf nutrient concentrations, and whether these differences might be correlated with the soil attributes or not. The results exposed that the nutritional state of the mangrove species is different and independent form the soil attributes in which they grow. Few correlations were found among leaf nutrient concentrations and soil attributes, suggesting differential selective nutrient uptake among species.

Los manglares son bosques de arquitectura simple que albergan pocas especies arbóreas, creciendo en un ambiente salino sometido a la influencia de las mareas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las posibles interacciones entre las propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo y la concentración de nutrientes en hojas de diferentes especies de mangle. Se investigó si las diferentes especies que se desarrollan en la misma clase de suelo tienen concentraciones de nutrientes foliares similares, y si las plantas de mangles de la misma especie que se desarrollan en diferentes tipos de suelos tienen concentraciones foliares similares. El estudio se desarrolló en manglares del Estado de Paraná, sur de Brasil, en dos tipos de suelos diferentes (HISTOSOL TIÓNICO Salino sódico y GLEYSOL TIÓNICO Salino sódico). Se analizaron tres especies vegetales diferentes (Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa y Rhizophora mangle). En cada área se delimitaron dos subáreas para recolectar el suelo y las hojas de cada una de las especies. Se tomaron cinco individuos de cada especie del dosel dominante para recoger hojas y muestras de suelo de 0-10 cm, en la proyección de la copa de los árboles seleccionados. Se realizaron análisis univariados y multivariados para probar si las especies de mangle tienen perfiles nutricionales diferentes, y si existe alguna correlación entre las propiedades del suelo con la composición química de las hojas. Los resultados mostraron que el estado nutricional de las especies de mangle es distinto e independiente de los atributos de los suelos en los que se encuentran. Las concentraciones de elementos en las hojas presentan poca correlación con los nutrientes del suelo, lo que sugiere que la absorción de nutrientes por las plantas es selectiva.

Manguezais são florestas de arquitetura simples, abrigando poucas espécies arbóreas, vegetando em ambiente salino e sujeito ao regime de marés. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as possíveis interações entre os atributos físico-químicos do solo e a concentração de nutrientes nas folhas de diferentes espécies de mangue. Assim, foi investigado se as diferentes espécies que se desenvolvem sobre a mesma classe de solo apresentam concentrações de nutrientes foliares similares, e se plantas de mangue da mesma espécie que ocorrem sobre diferentes classes de solo apresentam concentrações de nutrientes foliares similares. O estudo foi desenvolvido em manguezais no Estado do Paraná, Sul do Brasil, em duas classes distintas de solo (ORGANOSSOLO TIOMÓRFICO Sálico sódico e GLEISSOLO TIOMÓRFICO Sálico sódico), e três espécies diferentes de plantas (Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle). Em cada área foram delimitadas duas subáreas para coleta de solo e folhas das espécies. Cinco indivíduos do dossel dominante de cada espécie para coleta de folhas, na projeção da copa das árvores, e amostras de solo de 0-10 cm foram selecionados. Para testar se espécies de mangue apresentam perfis nutricionais distintos e se há correlação entre os atributos do solo com a composição química foliar um conjunto de análises univariadas multivariadas foram realizadas. Os resultados demonstraram que o estado nutricional das plantas é distinto e individualizado, independente dos atributos do solo em que se encontram as espécies. As concentrações dos elementos nas folhas pouco se correlacionaram com os nutrientes do solo, sugerindo absorção seletiva dos nutrientes pelas plantas.

Distribution of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in Two Mangroves of Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT This study assessed the relation between Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in the soils of the mangroves of Antonina and Guaratuba, on the coastline of the State of Paraná, and in the leaf tissues of A. shauerianaR. mangle, and L. racemosa through the analysis of correlation levels between these two compartments. Leaf samples were collected for ten individuals of each species in a 1000 m2 area delimited in each mangrove. Soil samples from 0-10 cm depth were taken from under the crown projection area of the selected trees to be submitted to chemical analysis. In the soils, metallic micronutrients presented the following order: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu. In the leaves, concentrations were species dependent. InA. shaueriana and R. mangle, the profile was Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu, while in L. racemosa, the sequence was: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu. Correlation analyses revealed only four significant correlations for Mn, Zn, and Cu in the soil and plant compartments. These results suggested that significant correlations depended on abiotic factors, inhibition between the elements, and immobilization and/or adsorptions of these metals by the soil.

Capacidad de regeneración natural del bosque de manglar del Estero Tortuga, Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica / Natural regeneration capacity of the mangrove forest of Tortuga Estuary, Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica

Resumen Este estudio se realizó entre Febrero 2011 y Enero 2012, en el bosque de mangle del Estero Tortuga. Se establecieron un total de seis parcelas, de 9 m2 cada una, con el fin de evaluar el porcentaje de supervivencia y la tasa de crecimiento de las plántulas de Rhizophora racemosa (G. Mey.) y Pelliciera rhizophorae (Triana & Planch.). Al final del estudio todas las parcelas presentaron un 100% de mortalidad, lo que indica que la zona no está reclutando árboles jóvenes y por lo tanto no se está regenerando naturalmente. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la baja influencia de la marea, la baja salinidad del manto freático y la alta tasa de deposición de sedimentos, son las causas de la nula supervivencia de las plántulas y del deterioro de los individuos adultos. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de las zonas de manglar declaradas Patrimonio Natural de Estado y el ecosistema de manglar del Estero Tortuga, el cual muestra que existen áreas que no se encuentran protegidas bajo esta categoría. Se recomienda actualizar esta información con el fin de contar con un registro preciso sobre la ubicación de los manglares de la zona. Además, es prioritario que se aborde el manejo de la cuenca Térraba Sierpe, con el fin de disminuir la cantidad de sedimentos que se depositan en los manglares de la zona.

Abstract The study was conducted from February 2011 to January 2012, in the mangrove forest of Tortuga Estuary. A total of six parcels, each measuring 9m2, were established in the area, to evaluate the survival and growth rates of the mangrove seedlings. By the end of the study all parcels presented 100% mortality, indicating that the area is not recruiting young trees and therefore is not regenerating naturally. The results of this study suggest that the low salinity of the water table and the high rate of deposition of sediments, are the causes of the low survival rate of the seedlings and could also be affecting the adult individuals. The adult trees presented deteriorated health signs such as decomposition of their stilt roots and total loss of foliage. The borders of this ecosystem were georeferenced and compared with the official map that declares the Natural Patrimony of the Country, to determine areas that should be protected under this category. In general the mangrove forest of this estuary can be divided in two zones: the first one is characterized by a mature forest of mainly two species: Rhizophora racemosa (G. Mey.) and Pelliciera rhizophorae (Triana & Planch.). The second one is located in the banks of sand of the estuary, where the dominant specie is Laguncularia racemosa (C.F. Gaertn) in young stages. Both of these areas include mangrove ecosystems that are not included in the Natural Patrimony category. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 1): 209-218. Epub 2015 April 01.

Complejidad estructural de los manglares de Playa Blanca, Escondido y Rincón de Osa, Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica / Structural complexity of mangroves in Playa Blanca, Escondido and Rincón de Osa, Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica

Resumen Este estudio reporta las características estructurales y distribución de las especies en los bosques de mangle de Playa Blanca, Escondido y Rincón en Golfo Dulce, Pacífico Sur de Costa Rica. Se realizaron múltiples transectos en cada uno de los manglares. Cada 10m a lo largo de cada transecto se delimitaron parcelas cuadradas de 5x5m. En cada parcela se midió el diámetro a la altura del pecho y altura de los árboles de mangle y se tomaron muestras de sedimento y de agua intersticial (salinidad). Se determinó la densidad total y por especie para cada manglar, el área basal y valor de importancia por especie y la complejidad general entre los manglares. Las especies dominantes en los tres manglares estudiados fueron Rhizophora racemosa y Pelliciera rhizophorae. Los manglares de Playa Blanca y Rincón presentaron mayor similitud en la estructura del bosque entre sí que con el manglar de Escondido. Playa Blanca fue el bosque de mayor altura del dosel y menor densidad; mientras que Escondido presentó mayor densidad y menor altura, así como el menor número de especies y el único donde se encontró la especie Conocarpus erectus. La composición de especies presente en estos manglares coincide con la reportada para la región. Sin embargo, la variación en estructura y complejidad entre los tres manglares es mayor a las similitudes con otros de la región. El estudio histórico y topográfico de estos manglares puede aclarar las variaciones en estructura y complejidad encontrada actualmente entre ellos.

Abstract This study reports the structural characteristics and distribution of species in the mangrove forests of Playa Blanca, Escondido and Rincón de Osa in Golfo Dulce, South Pacific of Costa Rica. Multiple lineal transects were carried out at each of the mangrove forests. Every 10 meters along each transect the diameter at breast height, basal area, and height was determined for all mangrove trees within a 5x5meter square plot. Sediment and interstitial water (salinity) samples were also collected at each plot. Total density of the stand was determined, as were the density of each mangrove species, the importance value and basal area per species, and general complexity indices for each mangrove forest. The dominant species at all three mangroves were Rhizophora racemosa and Pelliciera rhizophorae. Forest structure was more similar between Playa Blanca and Rincón mangroves than with Escondido. Playa Blanca was the forest with the tallest canopy height and lowest density, while Escondido had the highest density and the shortest canopy height. Escondido was also the forest with the least number of species and the only one where Conocarpus erectus was present. Species composition and dominance at these mangroves coincides with that reported for the region. However, the variation in structure and complexity among the three mangroves is greater than the commonalities with mangroves in the region. Topographical and historical analysis of these mangroves could further elucidate the present structure and complexity variation among them. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 1): 199-208. Epub 2015 April 01.

Crescimento de mudas de mangue sob diferentes níveis de sombreamento na península de Ajuruteua, Bragança, Pará / Growth of mangrove seedlings under different levels of shading at the Peninsula of Ajuruteua, Bragança, Pará

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of different levels of shading on the development of seedlings of three mangrove species (Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn., Rhizophora mangle L. and Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f.). The experiment was conducted at the community of Tamatateua, Ajuruteua peninsula, Bragança, PA, Brazil. For seedling production, the propagules and seeds of the mangrove species were planted in polyethylene bags (17 x 27 cm), filled with a typical mangrove substrate. The seedlings of the three species were grown under full sun (0), 30% and 60% shading, in a completely randomized design, a 3 x 3 factorial (three species and three shading levels), with eight seedlings per replication. After nine months under shading, plant samples were taken. The variables evaluated were: the shoot/height ratio, stem diameter, shoot dry matter, stem mass, root dry matter, total dry mass matter and morphological indices. Growth of seedlings of R. mangle occurred at all light levels. Seedlings of A. germinans grew faster at full sun and at 30% shading. Whereas, seedlings of L. racemosa were able to grow at 30 and 60% shading, but they also grew faster at full sunlight.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência de diferentes níveis de sombreamento sobre o desenvolvimento de mudas das espécies arbóreas de mangue Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn., Rhizophora mangle L. e Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. O experimento foi conduzido na comunidade de Tamatateua, na península de Ajuruteua, município de Bragança. Para a produção das mudas, os propágulos das espécies arbóreas de mangue foram semeados em embalagens de polietileno (17 x 27 cm), preenchidas com substrato típico de manguezal. As mudas das três espécies foram testadas a pleno sol, 30% e 60% de sombreamento em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (3 x 3) x 3 (3 espécies arbóreas e 3 níveis de sombreamento). Após as plantas atingirem a idade de nove meses, retiraram-se amostras de oito mudas por repetição de cada tratamento. As variáveis avaliadas foram: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do coleto, massa da parte aérea, massa seca do caule, matéria seca das raízes e matéria seca total e índices morfológicos. O crescimento das mudas de R. mangle ocorreu em todos os níveis de luminosidade. As mudas de A. germinans apresentaram maior crescimento a pleno sol e a 30% de sombreamento. Já as mudas de L. racemosa foram tolerantes a 30% e 60% de sombra, mas se desenvolveram melhor a pleno sol.

Respuesta de la regeneración natural en manglares del Golfo de Urabá (Colombia) a la variabilidad ambiental y climática intra-anual / Natural regeneration response in mangroves of the Gulf of Urabá (Colombia) to the environmental and intra-annual climate variability

The natural regeneration process allows the mangrove forests remain over time. Both, biological and physical factors can affect the establishment and early stages along the development of trees. This study examined the response of natural regeneration of mangroves in the Turbo River delta and El Uno bay (Urabá Gulf, Colombia) to intra-annual environmental variability. We quantified mortality, survival and recruitment of seedlings of three mangrove species, seasonally during one year, in 72 semi-perma-nent sub-plots of 1m². In the sub-plots, the total height and the diameter at the base of the stem of all mangrove seedlings with basal diameter less than 2.5cm were measured. Damage by herbivores was also recorded to each seedling. While Laguncularia racemosa recorded the highest rates of mortality, Rhizophora mangle showed the highest survival rate during the study period, although Avicennia germinans dominated the natural regeneration. Through a Redundancy Analysis these processes were associated to environmental variables such as: Direct Site Factor-DSF (sunlight), sediments input rate, herbivory, distances from mangroves to the river, to inner lakes, and to the coastline. These variables explained 43% of the natural regeneration variation; sedimentation rate was the most important variable, while light was very representative for the R. mangle survival. Based on historical records of precipitation, Turbo River flow rate and associated sediment loads, it was established that during the highest precipitation peak, the survival of all species decreases and during the dry season, when the conditions of flooding and sediments input were lower, it was improved. The results indicated that the sediments input rates and sunlight play an important role in the survival of natural regeneration of evaluated mangrove species.

En los bosques de mangle, tanto factores biológicos como físicos, afectan el establecimiento y los estados tempranos de desarrollo de los árboles y determinan la distribución espacial de las especies. Se evaluó la respuesta de la regeneración natural de los manglares del delta del río Turbo y la bahía El Uno a la variabilidad ambiental y climática intra-anual. Se cuantificaron la mortalidad, la sobrevivencia y el reclutamiento de las plántulas de tres especies, estacionalmente durante un año. Avicennia germinans dominó la regeneración natural, Rhizophora mangle presentó la mayor la supervivencia y Laguncularia racemosa la mayor mortalidad. Estos procesos se asociaron principalmente con el aporte de sedimentos aluviales, la disponibilidad de luz, la herbivoría, la distancia al río, a las lagunas internas y a la línea de costa, las cuales explicaron el 43% de la variación en la regeneración. La sedimentación fue la variable más importante para el reclutamiento de A. germinans, mientras la luz fue muy representativa para la supervivencia de R. mangle. Con base en registros históricos de precipitación, caudales y carga de sedimentos, se estableció que en la época con mayor precipitación se presenta un descenso en la supervivencia, y en la época seca se favorece el balance entre el reclutamiento y la mortalidad. Los resultados indicaron que la precipitación, el aporte de sedimentos y la luz desempeñan un papel importante en el proceso de la regeneración de las especies evaluadas.

Diversity of leaf endophytic fungi in mangrove plants of Northeast Brazil

With the aim of increasing the knowledge about endophytic fungi, a group of microorganisms with high biotechnological potential and a valuable source of useful metabolites, a survey in leaves of mangrove plants (Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa, and Rhizophora mangle) was performed at the Itamaracá Island, PE, Brazil. Leaves were collected, during two seasons, dry and rainy, superficially sterilized and fragments maintained in Petri dishes with Potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28º ± 2º C until isolation of the fungi. Fourty taxa were isolated: 25 species representing 19 genera and 15 morphotypes determined as Mycelia sterilia. Leaves of L. racemosa hosted the highest number of colony forming units (CFU) and taxa. Guignardia sp. and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were the most frequently isolated, while Glomerella cingulata was the only species found in association with the three host plants. The proportional importance of each fungus differed among hosts. The similarity of fungi species between the two seasons reached only 4.2%, and that between the hosts was also low, with the maximum (A. schaueriana x L. racemosa) reaching 24.2%. Sphaerosporium, as well as Chloridium virescens var. virescens, Microsphaeropsis arundinis, Penicillium pinophilum, Periconia cambrensis, Phoma herbarum, P. diachenii, P. obscurans, Sordaria prolifica and Torula elisii are reported for the first time as endophytic in tropical regions.

Distribuição das espécies e estrutura do manguezal do rio Benevente, Anchieta, ES / Species distribution and structure of mangrove of the Benevente River, Anchieta, ES

A estrutura da floresta de mangue do estuário do rio Benevente, Anchieta, ES foi analisada pelo método de parcelas, com o propósito de avaliar a distribuição das espécies ao longo do rio. Os resultados indicaram uma tendência de distribuição das espécies, visto que Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm ex Moldenke e Rhizophora mangle L. exibiram maior dominância e densidade relativa nas áreas sob maior influência marinha, enquanto que Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn.f. e Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn. apresentaram maior densidade nas áreas sob maior influência de água doce. A densidade variou de 700 a 7.866 troncos.ha-1, a área basal de 10,3 a 72,2 m².ha-1, a altura média de 2,0 a 16,4 m e o DAP médio de 4,7 a 27,3 cm. A maioria das florestas analisadas exibiu distribuição de troncos do tipo jota invertido, com ausência de corte seletivo. A contribuição em área basal foi maior na classe diamétrica ≥10 cm, indicando o elevado desenvolvimento estrutural das florestas estudadas. As florestas analisadas exibiram bom estado de conservação.

The structure of the mangrove forest of the Benevente River estuary, in Anchieta, ES, was analyzed by the plot method in order to evaluate the distribution of species along the river. The results indicated a trend of species distribution, in which Avicennia schaueriana Leechm ex Stapf & Moldenke and Rhizophora mangle L. exhibited the highest dominance and relative density in areas under greater marine influence, while Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn.f. and Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn. showed higher dominance and relative density in areas under greater influence of fresh water. The density ranged from 700 to 7,866 stems.ha-1, the basal area from 10.3 to 72.2 m².ha-1, the average height from 2.0 to 16.4 m and average DBH (diameter at breast height) from 4.7 to 27.3 cm. Most forests exhibited distribution of trunks of the inverted iota type, with an absence of selective cutting. The contribution of the basal area was larger in diameter class ≥10 cm, indicating the high structural development of the forests studied. The forests studied exhibited good conservation.

Mangrove forest composition and structure in Las Perlas Archipelago, Pacific Panama

Mangrove forest is an important ecosystem that provides many services, but in Panama, as in other countries, they are under threat due to a variety of human activities. Nowadays, large areas of mangroves continue to be lost without been described and lack of management strategies. This study focused on the mangrove structure in the two largest islands, Isla del Rey and Isla San Jose, of Las Perlas Archipelago (LPA), Pacific Panama. Assessment of Landsat satellite imagery revealed loss of mangroves in the LPA of 965ha in the period 1974-1986, and 248ha in the period 1986-2000. The majority of the loss (>77%) from the two study islands was due to timber extraction and agricultural development. In May 2006, permanent plots following the CARICOMP protocol were established at two sites on Isla del Rey (R1 and R2) and one site on Isla San Jose (SJ) where standardized metrics such as species, height and diameter at breast height of adult trees and seedlings were recorded. Forest structure differed at the three sites, although R1 and R2 were most similar. At R1, Laguncularia racemosa was the important species and R2 was dominated by Pelliciera rhizophorae. Examination of the forest structure and classified imagery indicated that these sites are spatially dynamic and appear to be rejuvenating. The forest structure would indicate that the sites have been growth-limited previously by human activities and possibly by other factors. SJ was dominated by Rhizophora mangle and appears to have a mature forest with large adult trees and few seedlings. It does not appear to have shown the same extent of spatial regrowth as the other two sites between 1986 and 2000 and is relatively static. The establishment of permanent plots and monitoring will be useful as part of the management plan, as the LPA shows a variety of mangrove structures and could be subject to further coastal development. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (3): 857-869. Epub 2010 September 01.

Los bosques de manglar son ecosistemas importantes que proveen muchos servicios, pero éstos están bajo la amenaza de una variedad de actividades humanas y grandes áreas de manglar continúan perdiéndose en Panamá. Este estudio está enfocado en la estructura de manglar de las dos islas más grandes del Archipiélago de Las Perlas en el Pacifico Panameño (LPA), la Isla del Rey y la Isla San José. La evaluación de las imágenes del satélite Landsat revela la pérdida de manglares en LPA de 965ha en el periodo entre 1974-1986, y de 286ha en el periodo 1986-2000. La mayor parte de la pérdida (>77%) en las dos islas estudiadas fue debida a la extracción de madera y al desarrollo agrícola. En mayo de 2006, se establecieron parcelas permanentes siguiendo el protocolo de CARICOMP en dos sitios en la isla del Rey (R1 y R2) y un sitio en la Isla San José (SJ) donde especies, altura y diámetro a la altura de la copa de árboles adultos y jóvenes fueron registradas. La estructura del bosque difirió en los tres sitios, sin embargo R1 y R2 fueron los más similares. En R1, Laguncularia racemosa fue la especie más dominante y Pelliceria rhizophora en R2. El análisis de la estructura del bosque y de imágenes clasificadas indicó que estos sitios son espacialmente dinámicos y parecen estar regenerándose. La estructura del bosque indica que el crecimiento en los sitios ha estado limitado por las actividades humanas y posiblemente por otros factores. SJ fue dominado por Rhizophora mangle y parece tener un bosque maduro con árboles adultos grandes y pocos jóvenes. Éste sitio no parece mostrar la misma extensión de rebrote espacial de los otros dos sitios entre 1986-2000 y es relativamente estático. El establecimiento de parcelas permanentes y el monitoreo serán útiles en la implementación del plan de manejo, ya que los manglares del LPA tienen una variedad estructural y podrían estar sujetos a un mayor desarrollo costero.